Cancer is fast becoming one of the leading public health challenges in India, with new cases being added every year. Rapid urbanization, unhealthy lifestyle habits, increased use of tobacco, and environmental pollution, are the primary reasons for the surge of cancer in India. While cancer can affect any part of the body, certain types are far more common in the Indian population. Understanding these common cancers and their symptoms can play a crucial role in improving survival rates and reducing the overall burden of the disease.
Common types of cancer in India
To curb cancer in its early stages, it is important to learn how to recognize tell-tale signs and symptoms of common cancer types. Listed below are common cancer types prevalent in India and their signs and symptoms.
1. Breast cancer: Breast cancer results from the growth of abnormal cells in the breasts which multiply uncontrollably, resulting in the formation of tumors. These tumors are often formed in the milk ducts or lobules. An easy way to identify breast cancer is through self-breast examination, which can be easily performed at home. Notice signs that may include:
i. A mass or lump in the breast or armpit which may be painless
ii. Swelling in the breast
iii. Feeling of irritation and dimpling (resemblance of skin with orange peel) of the skin on the breast
iv. Pain in the breast or nipple
v. Discharge from the nipple that isn’t breast milk
vi. Nipple retraction (an inwardly turned nipple)
Even if you observe one or more of the above signs, it may not mean the incidence of breast cancer. Thus, it is important to consult your healthcare provider if you notice any of these changes.
2. Oral cancer: India has the highest prevalence of oral cancers, with over 1, 00, 000 cases being reported every year. It is the most common cancer among Indian males, primarily due to the indiscriminate use of tobacco products. Oral cancer can appear in any part of the oral cavity such as lips, tongue, cheeks, hard and soft palate, floor of the mouth, pharynx, or even the sinuses. Some of the warning signs and symptoms of oral cancer are:
i. Formation of red or white-coloured patches on the oral mucosa or lining of the mouth or tongue
ii. Mouth ulcers that do not heal
iii. Voice sounding hoarse
iv. Difficulty or pain when swallowing
v. Unusual changes in taste buds
vi. Unexplained weight loss
vii. Excessive salivation
viii. Swollen lymph nodes (glands)
3. Cervical cancer: The narrow, lower part of the female reproductive system is called cervix which connects the uterus to the vagina or birth canal. Cancer which develops in the cells of the cervix results in cervical cancer. Before cancer develops in the cervix, the cells here undergo changes known as dysplasia. At this stage, abnormal cells start appearing in the cervical tissue which, if not treated, can develop into cancerous cells over time. Some of the common symptoms of cervical cancer are:
i. Abnormal vaginal bleeding (between periods, after sex, or post menopause)
ii. Heavier and longer lasting menstrual cycles
iii. Pelvic pain during intercourse
iv. Unusual vaginal discharge with foul smell
4. Lung cancer: Lung cancer is often considered fatal as the tumor cells metastasize (spread) to other parts of the body. Additionally, lung cancer also doesn’t get detected easily until the later stages. Signs of lung cancer include:
i. Persistent cough that aggravates over time
ii. Shortness of breath (wheezing )
iii. Presence of blood in sputum
iv. Chest pain
v. Changes in voice quality (e.g. hoarseness)
vi. Frequent lung infections
vii. Unexplained weight loss
viii. Reduced hunger
ix. Repeated episodes of headaches
5. Colorectal cancer: This cancer develops in the inner lining of the large intestine, affecting the colon or rectum. The malignancy appears as abnormal growths called polyps. Some of the common symptoms of colorectal cancer are as follows:
i. Unexplained weakness and fatigue
ii. Unexplained weight loss
iii. Changes in bowel patterns
iv. Stomach pain
v. Pressure in rectum or abdomen
vi. Blood in stool
vii. Bleeding in the rectum
Cancer continues to pose a significant health threat in India but by understanding and recognizing the warning signs of the most commonly occurring cancers in India, their incidence can be reduced. To achieve this purpose, regular screening and early diagnosis through greater awareness and public campaigns can significantly impact the spread of cancer in India.